高峰期考虑乘客议价的网约车定价与平台收益及社会福利优化

现阶段有关网约车动态定价的研究主要是从司机和平台的角度出发，借助排队论、生灭过程等方法描述司机的运行状态，对市场需求的动态变化特征关注较少，同时也没有考虑乘客方的自主议价权力。本文采用动态匹配描述网约车市场中乘客与司机的匹配过程，通过构建动态匹配模型描述短时间内市场变化的影响，采用需求与供给函数描述乘客和网约车的状态，在此基础上，构建平台利润最优模型和社会福利最优模型；然后提出乘客议价影响因子并依据现有数据确定其在市场运行不同时段的函数，将影响因子引入已建立的模型得到修正后的动态匹配模型和定价模型；最后设置算例验证模型可行性，探讨价格变化对市场的作用，分析乘客议价对动态匹配网约车市场的影响。算例结果表明，随着价格变化因子倍数的增加，社会福利、平台利润和匹配量先增后减，在倍数为2.0时，社会福利达到最大，倍数为1.3时匹配量达到最大。对比分析发现，乘客议价将推动市场向供求平衡移动，同时增加网约车市场高峰时段的平台利润和社会福利。     

一种“效率-公平-运力”多维权衡的需求可拆分配送方法

针对自然灾害及重大社会公共事件等各类突发事件的配送问题，本文以公路运输为研究场景，将配送时间最短、加权时间攀比值最小和使用车辆数最少为多维目标，在引入需求可拆分这一限制条件的基础上，构建“效率-公平-运力”多维权衡的需求可拆分应急物资配送模型。针对该问题设计改进的蚁群算法求解模型。从选择拆分点、信息素更新和引入变邻域搜索算子这3个方面改进了算法，并实现当解持续不变时，初始化信息素，以增加随机性。结果表明，与传统求解算法相比，改进算法的稳定性更高(平均偏差率降低7.00%)，寻优性更好(优化率提高7.41%)。 通过分析考虑三目标、双目标和决策者具有明显偏好的多重场景下的求解结果得知：效率、公平、 运力这3个子目标相互悖反，增加运力投入可以显著提高配送方案的效率与公平；当运力不变时，效率与公平之间近似呈同比例反比关系。研究结论可为救灾目标不确定条件下多因素考量的应急物资配送决策生成与优化问题提供方法改进与可量化决策支撑。     

大城市城市轨道交通线网规划关键技术探讨

目前,城市轨道交通线网规划的技术已相对成熟,指导了我国超大、特大城市的城市轨道交通建设。随着城市化进程的不断加快,人口在100万至500万的大城市已成为城市轨道交通规划和建设的重要参与者。大城市在空间、人口、经济、交通出行特征等方面与超大、特大城市存在较大的差异,使得目前城市轨道交通线网规划的技术对大城市的适用性存在一定的局限。通过分析大城市与城市轨道交通的互动关系,提出大城市城市轨道交通线网规划的需求。基于现有的城市轨道交通线网编制技术流程,结合大城市的需求,从前提研究、方案研究、实施规划三个层面,对城市轨道交通线网规划编制中服务范围分析、线网规模确定、近期建设方案制定等技术内容提出优化建议,以适应大城市城市轨道交通线网规划的编制需求。     

建成环境对城市停车需求影响的非线性模型

为精细化把握城市建设项目在微观空间尺度下的停车需求规律，从空间视角探究停车需 求与建成环境之间的关系。通过高峰小时建筑物单位面积的停车生成数表征停车需求，以土地 利用混合度、路网密度、公交服务水平等9个因子描述建成环境，分别构建建成环境对停车需求影 响的普通最小二乘(Ordinary Least Squares，OLS)模型与梯度提升迭代决策树(Gradient Boosting Decision Tree，GBDT)模型。以保定市主城区停车调查数据中的商业类配建停车场为对象，基于 停车调查数据、兴趣点数据(Point of Interst，POI)、道路网络数据等多源异构数据进行模型实证分 析。结果表明，考虑非线性效应的GBDT模型比OLS模型具有更好的拟合度。从影响贡献度来 看，配建指标(18.92%)与区位(15.23%)是影响停车需求的最重要建成环境因素，交叉口密度 (5.19%)贡献度最小；在非线性关系方面，建成环境因子与停车需求均具有非线性关系与阈值效 应，除交叉口密度及人口密度与停车需求呈现U型关系，其余因素与停车需求的关系整体上保持 正相关或负相关。     

长三角地区液化天然气接收站的发展前景

为了剖析长三角地区液化天然气(LNG)市场发展形势,从而为长三角地区科学布局LNG接收站提供参考,开展长三角地区天然气消费现状及发展趋势分析,梳理影响天然气市场发展的因素,对长三角地区天然气需求量进行预测。通过供需能力平衡分析,判定长三角地区LNG接收站承担的进口LNG接卸量还有较大的增长空间,未来2~3年将是LNG接收站的建设热潮。基于未来发展形势分析,从规划布局、功能定位及市场化等方面提出促进长三角LNG接收站发展的建议。     

Electric vehicle charging station locations: Elastic demand,station congestion,and network equilibrium

Battery-only electric vehicles (BEVs) generally offer better air quality through lowered emissions, along with energy savings and security. The issue of long-duration battery charging makes charging-station placement and design key for BEV adoption rates. This work uses genetic algorithms to identify profit-maximizing station placement and design details, with applications that reflect the costs of installing, operating, and maintaining service equipment, including land acquisition. Fast electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) are placed across a congested city's network subject to stochastic demand for charging under a user-equilibrium traffic assignment. BEV users’ station choices consider endogenously determined travel times and on-site charging queues. The model allows for congested-travel and congested-station feedback into travelers’ route choices under elastic demand and BEV owners’ station choices, as well as charging price elasticity for BEV charging users.Boston-network results suggest that EVCSs should locate mostly along major highways, which may be a common finding for other metro settings. If 10% of current EV owners seek to charge en route, a user fee of $6 for a 30-min charging session is not enough for station profitability under a 5-year time horizon in this region. However, $10 per BEV charging delivers a 5-year profit of $0.82 million, and 11 cords across 3 stations are enough to accommodate a near-term charging demand in this Boston-area application. Shorter charging sessions, higher fees, and/or allowing for more cords per site also increase profits generally, everything else constant. Power-grid and station upgrades should keep pace with demand, to maximize profits over time, and avoid on-site congestion.     

Spatiotemporal influence of land use and household properties on automobile travel demand

Understanding the patterns of automobile travel demand can help formulate policies to alleviate congestion and pollution. This study focuses on the influence of land use and household properties on automobile travel demand. Car license plate recognition (CLPR) data, point-of-interest (POI) data, and housing information data were utilized to obtain automobile travel demand along with the land use and household properties. A geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model was adopted to deal with both the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of travel demand. The spatial-temporal patterns of GTWR coefficients were analyzed. Also, comparative analyses were carried out between automobile and total person travel demand, and among travel demand of taxis, heavily-used private cars, and total automobiles. The results show that: (I) The GTWR model has significantly higher accuracy compared with the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) model and the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model, which means the GTWR model can measure both the spatial and temporal heterogeneity with high precision; (II) The influence of built environment and household properties on automobile travel demand varies with space and time. In particular, the temporal distribution of regression coefficients shows significant peak phenomenon; and (III) Comparative analyses indicate that residents’ preference for automobiles over other travel modes varies with their travel purpose and destination. The above findings indicate that the proposed method can not only model spatial-temporal heterogeneous travel demand, but also provide a way to analyze the patterns of automobile travel demand.     

基于线性叠加的智能船舶经济性评估模型构建

经济性是智能船舶能否实现推广应用的关键,目前国内外有关智能船舶经济性分析的研究较少。本文通过对传统船舶经济性分析方法进行修正优化,提出智能船舶经济性分析计算模型,并根据理论推导结果,得出智能船舶经济性分析的线性叠加简化模型,并利用40万吨级VLOC实际运营数据进行科学性检验。本文提出的模型与方法适用于各类智能模块加装情况下的经济性核算,为相关单位开展智能船舶经济性快速分析提供了理论支持和解决方案。     

公共自行车使用时空特性挖掘及租还需求预测

基于宁波市公共自行车刷卡数据、POI(Point of Interest)数据、气象和空气质量等数据，从数据驱动视角，深入挖掘公共自行车使用的时空特征及站点租还车需求预测。在时间上，采用KMeans算法，将站点聚为5类，探讨各类站点的时变需求规律及影响因素；在空间上，提出基于POI 数据的站点用地类型识别方法，将站点分为居住类、交通设施类、办公类和商业休闲类。构建以 15，30，60 min 为间隔，以租还车需求为目标变量的随机森林预测模型，并与常用的 BP (Back Propagation)神经网络、K最近邻方法进行比较。结果表明，随机森林模型的精度更高，适用性更强。以30 min为间隔的站点租还车需求预测精度最高，考虑站点土地利用类型后能有效提高模型的预测精度。本文结果可作为未来站点平衡调度的依据并推广应用于共享单车系统，为改善服务水平提供技术和理论支撑。     

Integrated models of land use and transportation for the autonomous vehicle revolution

ABSTRACT

The advent of the autonomous vehicle (AV) will affect not only the transportation system, but also future patterns of land development. Integrated land use and transportation models will be critical tools in assessing the path forward with this technology. Key questions with respect to land use impacts of AVs arise from potential changes in sensitivity to travel and reduced demand for parking. It is an open question whether AVs will induce urban sprawl, or whether spatial economies of agglomeration will mitigate any reductions in travel time sensitivity. The deployment of shared fleets of AVs would likely reduce parking demand, producing yet to be explored impacts on property development within existing urban footprints. We perform a critical assessment of currently operational models and their ability to represent the adoption of AVs. We identify the representation of time in such models as a vital component requiring additional development to model this new technology. Existing model applications have focused on the discrete addition of new infrastructure or policy at a fixed point in time, whereas AV adoption will occur incrementally through time. Stated adaptation surveys are recommended as tools to quantify preferences and develop relevant model inputs. It is argued that existing models that assume comparatively static equilibrium have been convenient in the past, but are insufficient to model technology adoption. In contrast, dynamic model frameworks lack sufficient structure to maintain reasonability under large perturbations from base conditions. The ongoing advancement of computing has allowed models to move away from being mechanistic aggregate tools, towards behaviourally rich depictions of individual persons and firms. However, much work remains to move from projections of existing conditions into the future, to the evolution of the spatial economy as it evolves through time in response to new technologies and exogenous stresses. Principles from complex and evolutionary systems theory will be important in the development of models with the capacity to consider such dynamics.